Exploring the dynamics of chemical reactions, this overview discusses how reaction rates are influenced by the concentrations of reactants. It delves into the rate law, reaction orders (zero, first, and second), and the use of graphical methods to determine these orders. The text also explains the kinetic characteristics of each reaction order, including the mathematical forms of their rate laws and integrated rate laws, as well as the units of their rate constants.
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Chemical reaction rate is the change in concentration of reactants over time
Definition of Rate Law
The rate law relates the reaction rate to the concentrations of reactants through a proportionality constant
Components of Rate Law
The rate law includes the concentrations of reactants and the reaction orders with respect to each reactant
The differential rate law defines the reaction rate as the instantaneous rate of change in concentration of a reactant
Reaction order describes the power to which the concentration of a reactant is raised in the rate law
The overall reaction order is the sum of the orders with respect to each reactant
Reaction orders can be zero-order, first-order, or second-order
First-order reactions have a rate that is directly proportional to the concentration of a single reactant
The rate law for first-order reactions is expressed as rate = k[A]
The integrated rate law for first-order reactions allows for the calculation of reactant concentration at any time point
Second-order reactions have rates that are proportional to the square of the concentration of one reactant or to the product of the concentrations of two reactants
The rate law for second-order reactions is expressed as rate = k[A]^2 or rate = k[A][B]
The integrated rate law for second-order reactions allows for the calculation of reactant concentration at any time point
Zero-order reactions have a rate that is independent of the concentration of the reactants
The rate law for zero-order reactions is expressed as rate = k
The integrated rate law for zero-order reactions allows for the calculation of reactant concentration at any time point
00
The speed at which a ______ reaction happens is measured by how quickly the ______ of the reactants changes, typically in ______ per second.
chemical
concentration
moles per liter
01
In a chemical reaction, as the reactants are used up, their ______ decreases, which in turn affects the ______ of the reaction.
concentration
rate
02
The ______ law for a reaction A + B → C can be expressed as rate = k[A]^m[B]^n, where k is the ______ constant, and m and n represent the ______ orders.
rate
rate
reaction
