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Halogens: Properties and Applications

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Halogens, located in group 17 of the periodic table, are elements with seven valence electrons predisposing them to form anions. This text delves into their physical states—gaseous fluorine and chlorine, liquid bromine, and solid iodine—and their increasing melting and boiling points from fluorine to iodine. It discusses their high reactivity, especially fluorine, and their applications in daily life, such as disinfectants and pharmaceuticals, while also touching on environmental concerns like the ozone-depleting effects of some halogen compounds.

The Group 17 Elements: Halogens Defined

Halogens are a group of elements known for their seven valence electrons in the outermost p-subshell, which predisposes them to gain one electron and form anions with a -1 charge. Located in group 17 of the periodic table, these elements include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Tennessine (Ts), a synthetic element, is sometimes considered part of the group. However, due to the metallic characteristics and instability of tennessine and astatine, this summary will focus on the more commonly encountered halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Laboratory with glass flasks containing colored liquids and vapors: purple for iodine, brown for bromine, yellow-green for chlorine, yellow for fluorine.

Halogens' Physical States and Properties

Halogens are nonmetals with properties such as poor conductivity of heat and electricity, and they are typically brittle when in the solid state. Their states at room temperature vary: fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. These elements also display a range of colors, from the pale yellow of fluorine to the violet of iodine. The atomic radius of halogens increases down the group due to the addition of electron shells, which affects their physical properties.

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00

The halogens, located in group ______ of the periodic table, include elements like ______ and ______.

17

fluorine

chlorine

01

Halogens conductivity and brittleness

Poor heat and electricity conductors; typically brittle in solid state.

02

Halogens state at room temperature

Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is liquid, iodine is solid.

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