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The Legacy of Robert K. Merton in Sociology

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Explore the life and work of Robert K. Merton, a pioneering American sociologist known for his strain theory and advancements in structural functionalism. His work on social structure, deviance, and the sociology of science has significantly shaped the field. Merton's concepts like 'self-fulfilling prophecy' and his critical approach to functional analysis remain influential in sociological studies.

Robert K. Merton: A Pioneering Sociologist

Robert King Merton, an eminent American sociologist, was born on July 4, 1910, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to immigrant parents from Eastern Europe. His original name was Meyer Robert Schkolnick, but he adopted "Robert K. Merton" as a nod to his youthful interest in magic and homage to the magician Harry Houdini. Merton completed his undergraduate studies at Temple University and went on to earn a Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard University in 1936. He spent most of his academic career at Columbia University, where he became a distinguished University Professor. His scholarly work was recognized with the National Medal of Science in 1994, making him the first sociologist to be honored with this award. Merton's influence extends to his son, Robert C. Merton, who received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.
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Merton's Theoretical Contributions to Sociology

Robert K. Merton's theoretical contributions to sociology are extensive and have significantly shaped the discipline. His strain theory suggests that societal structures can pressure individuals to engage in deviant behavior when there is a discrepancy between cultural goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve them. This theory has been instrumental in understanding the relationship between social structure and deviance, particularly in the context of the American Dream and its accessibility to different social groups. Merton's typology of individual adaptations to cultural goals and means—conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion—provides a framework for analyzing the varied responses to social strain and has become a cornerstone in the study of deviance.

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Merton's main academic affiliation

Columbia University, where he was a distinguished University Professor.

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Merton's notable family achievement

His son, Robert C. Merton, won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.

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Prestigious award received by Merton

National Medal of Science in 1994, first sociologist recipient.

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