Lutheranism's foundation is traced to Martin Luther's 95 Theses, challenging the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. His excommunication led to the spread of core doctrines and the establishment of Protestantism, influencing European religious and political landscapes, and giving rise to various Protestant movements.
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Luther's posting of the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg sparked the Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Catholic Church
Luther sought to address abuses in the Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences
Theological Debate and Church Reform
Luther's theses called for a theological debate and aimed to reform the Church by returning to the teachings of the Bible
Luther's excommunication by the Pope and protection by Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, escalated tensions and allowed Luther to continue his work
Luther's core doctrines of sola scriptura, sola gratia, and sola fide spread rapidly, aided by the printing press and the support of secular authorities
The Term "Protestant" and the Diet of Speyer
The term "Protestant" was first used at the Diet of Speyer in 1529 to describe those who protested against the revocation of Luther's reforms
The Schmalkaldic Wars and the Peace of Augsburg
Armed conflicts known as the Schmalkaldic Wars and the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 profoundly reshaped the religious and political map of Europe
Luther's teachings had a lasting impact on Christian doctrine, including the affirmation of only two sacraments and the rejection of papal authority and clerical celibacy
Lutheranism found strong support among German princes, leading to a religious divide in Germany with the north turning Protestant and the south remaining Catholic
John Calvin and Calvinism
John Calvin's reform efforts in Geneva developed into Calvinism, which diverged from Lutheranism on doctrines such as predestination and the sovereignty of God
The English Reformation and the Elizabethan Religious Settlement
The English Reformation, inspired by Luther's ideas, resulted in the formation of the Anglican Church and the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which blended Protestant doctrine with Catholic liturgy
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The German theologian ______ criticized the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling ______, sparking a movement known as the ______ Reformation.
Martin Luther
indulgences
Protestant
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Excommunication of Luther
Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521 for his reformist critiques.
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Luther's sanctuary
Frederick the Wise protected Luther, allowing him to stay at Wartburg Castle.
