The Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in language learning suggests an optimal timeframe for acquiring language with native-like proficiency, typically before puberty. This period is characterized by heightened neuroplasticity, making language acquisition more natural. The text delves into the differences between critical and sensitive periods, the origins of CPH, and case studies like Genie's that demonstrate the effects of missing the critical period. It also discusses the challenges and possibilities of learning a second language as an adult.
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The Critical Period Hypothesis suggests that there is an ideal time for acquiring language with native-like proficiency
Neuroplasticity
During the critical period, the brain exhibits a high degree of neuroplasticity, which diminishes with age and makes language acquisition more challenging
Sensitive Period vs. Critical Period
The critical period is a finite window for language acquisition, while the sensitive period is a more extended timeframe when learning is still highly effective
Empirical evidence, such as cases of extreme social deprivation and language intervention in children and adults, supports the idea of a critical period for language acquisition
While children and adolescents can often achieve fluency in a second language, adults may struggle due to reduced neuroplasticity and neuromuscular flexibility
Quality and Quantity of Language Exposure
The amount and quality of language exposure can significantly impact language learning success, regardless of age
Individual Differences
Factors such as motivation and learning style can also play a critical role in language learning outcomes
Learning Environment
The learning environment, including access to resources and support, can also affect language learning success
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CPH Optimal Timeframe
Early childhood to pre-puberty
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CPH Brain Sensitivity
Neural circuits highly receptive to language during critical period
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Post-Puberty Language Learning
Possible but more effortful, potentially less fluent
