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An overview of the UNFCCC, a key international treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent climate change. It highlights the Kyoto Protocol's binding emission reductions and the Paris Agreement's approach with nationally determined contributions. The significance of COP meetings, such as COP21 and COP26, in advancing climate action is also discussed.
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The UNFCCC was adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and entered into force in 1994
Stabilizing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
The main objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent dangerous human-induced interference with the climate system
Non-binding Limits and Framework for Negotiation
The convention sets non-binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions and provides a framework for negotiating binding limits through protocols
The UNFCCC has near-universal membership with 197 parties ratifying the convention
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005
First Commitment Period
The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol started in 2008 and ended in 2012, during which participating countries committed to reducing their emissions by an average of 5% below 1990 levels
Doha Amendment and Extended Commitment Period
The Doha Amendment, adopted in 2012 and effective in 2020, extended the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol to 2020
The Kyoto Protocol introduced emissions trading, the clean development mechanism, and joint implementation as flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their emission reduction targets
The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015 and entered into force in 2016
Limiting Global Warming
The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with an aspiration to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius
Nationally Determined Contributions
Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement relies on nationally determined contributions for each country to set their own emission reduction targets
Transparency Framework
The Paris Agreement includes a transparency framework for monitoring and reporting countries' climate actions and progress
Global Stocktake
A global stocktake is conducted every five years to assess collective progress towards the agreement's goals and inform further actions by parties
The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC and meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change
Review of Implementation
At COP meetings, parties review the implementation of the convention and any other legal instruments and make decisions to promote effective implementation
Institutional and Administrative Arrangements
COP meetings also address institutional and administrative arrangements related to the convention
COP21 resulted in the adoption of the Paris Agreement, while COP26 resulted in the Glasgow Climate Pact to accelerate action on climate change and finalize the agreement's implementation guidelines
The UNFCCC has played a crucial role in shaping international climate policy and action
While the goals of the Paris Agreement are ambitious, current policies and actions are insufficient, but there is growing momentum for change
The UNFCCC process has facilitated the development of a global climate regime that includes financial support, technology transfer, and capacity-building for developing countries
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The ______ was established during the ______ in 1992 and commenced on March 21, 1994.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Rio Earth Summit
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Kyoto Protocol adoption and enforcement years
Adopted in 1997, enforced in 2005.
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First commitment period of Kyoto Protocol
Started in 2008, ended in 2012; 5% emission reduction from 1990 levels.
