Polymerisation and its Applications in Material Science

Introduction to Polymers and Their Synthesis

Polymers are large, complex molecules that are integral to numerous aspects of modern life, including the creation of various materials such as plastics, fibers, and rubbers. These macromolecules are composed of smaller units called monomers, which are chemically bonded together in a process known as polymerisation. This article provides an overview of polymerisation, with a focus on synthetic polymers like plastics, polyamides, and polyesters, which are essential in the production of everyday materials. While natural polymers such as proteins and DNA are also important, our discussion will primarily concentrate on synthetic polymers and their applications in material science.

The Primary Mechanisms of Polymerisation: Addition and Condensation

Polymerisation can occur through two primary mechanisms: addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation. Addition polymerisation involves the joining of monomers that have carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) without the formation of by-products. This mechanism is typical for the synthesis of polymers like polyethylene and polystyrene. In contrast, condensation polymerisation involves monomers with different functional groups and typically results in the release of a small molecule, such as water or methanol, as a by-product. This process is responsible for the formation of polymers like polyamides (nylons) and polyesters (PET).