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The Hundred Years' War: A Pivotal Conflict in European History

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The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was a defining conflict between England and France, shaping European history. It involved major battles like Crécy and Agincourt, and led to military innovations and the rise of national identities. The war's end saw shifts in power and the decline of feudalism, influencing the future of both nations with long-term socioeconomic impacts.

The Origins and Overview of the Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War, spanning from 1337 to 1453, was a protracted series of conflicts that profoundly shaped the course of European history. It primarily pitted the kingdoms of England and France against each other, although it also involved other powers and regions. The war is traditionally divided into three main phases: the Edwardian Era War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). The conflict led to the decline of feudalism, the rise of national identities, and significant changes in military tactics and technologies.
Medieval knights on horseback charge with lances, foot soldiers with pikes advance, and a trebuchet stands ready on a stormy, battle-scarred field.

Major Battles and the Geographical Extent of the War

The Hundred Years' War was fought over a wide area of Western Europe, predominantly across the French territories. Key battles such as those at Crécy, Poitiers, Agincourt, and Castillon were instrumental in determining the war's progression. The Battle of Orléans marked a turning point, with Joan of Arc's leadership pivotal in lifting the siege, which began the process of reversing the English fortunes. These engagements showcased the evolving nature of medieval warfare, including the effective use of the English longbow and the introduction of gunpowder artillery by the French.

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Duration of the Hundred Years' War

1337–1453, over a century of intermittent conflicts.

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Primary combatants in the Hundred Years' War

England and France, with involvement from other powers.

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Phases of the Hundred Years' War

Edwardian Era War (1337–1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–1453).

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