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Oligosaccharides: Structure, Function, and Biosynthesis

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Oligosaccharides, small chains of monosaccharides, are crucial for biological processes like cell signaling and immune responses. They are synthesized through glycosidic bonds and are diverse in structure and function, serving as prebiotics and influencing protein folding. Their presence in foods impacts nutrition and health, and they are key in the development of new therapeutics.

The Fundamentals of Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. These compounds are pivotal in numerous biological processes, such as cell signaling and recognition, which are integral to the proper functioning of living organisms. In mammals, oligosaccharides are involved in the immune response, aiding in cell communication and serving as binding sites for specific proteins. Additionally, they play roles in the proper folding of proteins and in the adhesion of cells to one another and to the extracellular matrix.
Science laboratory with test tubes, beakers and flasks containing colorful liquids, blurred scientist in background pipetting substances.

Structural Characteristics and Synthesis of Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are synthesized through the formation of glycosidic bonds, which occur when a hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide reacts with the anomeric carbon of another. This reaction often results in the release of a water molecule, as seen in the formation of maltose from two glucose units. Oligosaccharides typically adopt cyclic structures, which are more stable and allow for a variety of interactions, including hydrogen bonding with water and other molecules.

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Oligosaccharide composition

Small chains of 3-10 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

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Oligosaccharides in cell signaling

Facilitate communication and recognition between cells, crucial for organism function.

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Oligosaccharides in immune response

Aid in cell communication, act as binding sites for proteins, involved in protein folding and cell adhesion.

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