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The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517, revolutionized European Christianity, leading to the rise of Protestantism. Influential figures like John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli contributed to its spread, while the Catholic Church's Counter-Reformation sought to reaffirm Catholic doctrines. This period had lasting effects on society, including religious wars and the emergence of new denominations.
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The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that began in the 16th century and introduced Protestantism as a new branch of Christianity
Martin Luther's 95 Theses
Martin Luther's 95 Theses, published in 1517, criticized the Catholic Church's practices and sparked the Reformation
Other key figures in the Reformation
John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and William Tyndale were influential in spreading Reformation ideas
The Reformation had significant social, cultural, economic, and political ramifications across Europe
Zwingli's reforms and Calvin's work in Geneva contributed to the spread of the Reformation in Switzerland
The Reformation in the Netherlands was shaped by Calvinist theology and the presence of Anabaptists
The Reformation in England was driven by political factors, including Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church responded to the Reformation with significant reforms and reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines
The Council of Trent was a central event in the Counter-Reformation, addressing abuses and defining Catholic teachings
The Counter-Reformation also saw the creation of the Jesuit order and the Roman Inquisition and Index of Forbidden Books to combat heresy and control religious literature
The Reformation led to the elimination of corrupt practices, translation of the Bible into vernacular languages, and the formation of new Christian denominations
The Reformation also triggered the Thirty Years' War, an increase in witch hunts, and the oppressive Roman Inquisition
Historians have debated the role of elites and the laity in the Reformation, with early perspectives focusing on the former and later perspectives recognizing the latter's significant role