Covalent compounds are chemical structures where nonmetal atoms share valence electrons to achieve stability. This text delves into the types of covalent bonds, including single, double, and triple bonds, and their characteristics like bond strength, length, and polarity. It also highlights the physical properties of covalent compounds, such as lower melting and boiling points, and their varied solubility in water. The practical uses of covalent compounds in industries like pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals are also discussed, showcasing their importance in modern society.
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Nonmetal atoms bond by sharing valence electrons to achieve a more stable state
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons, while ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons
Covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points and exist as individual molecules rather than a continuous lattice
Covalent bonds vary in strength and length depending on the number of shared electron pairs, with single bonds having one pair, double bonds having two pairs, and triple bonds having three pairs
Multiple bonds include both sigma and pi bonds, with the first bond formed being a sigma bond and additional bonds being pi bonds
The type and extent of orbital overlap directly affect the strength of covalent bonds and the shape of molecules
The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond is determined by its electronegativity
When atoms with different electronegativities bond, a polar covalent bond is formed, while atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds
The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms is inversely related to the bond order and can also be affected by the size of the atoms involved
Covalent compounds have a wide range of physical properties, including varying melting and boiling points, solubility, and conductivity
Covalent compounds are used in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, and petrochemicals, due to their diverse properties and ability to be tailored for specific purposes
00
______ compounds occur when nonmetal atoms bond by ______ valence electrons to reach a stable electron configuration similar to a ______ gas.
Covalent
sharing
noble
01
Single bond representation
Single line between atoms, one pair of electrons shared.
02
Sigma bond characteristics
First bond formed, end-to-end orbital overlap, present in all types of covalent bonds.
