Establishment of Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington established the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, focusing on vocational education for the black community

Philosophy of self-improvement through education and economic independence

Washington believed that African Americans could gain respect and achieve racial integration through education and economic independence

Criticism and support for Washington's approach

Washington's views faced both criticism and support, with some advocating for more direct action against segregation and disenfranchisement

Harper's antislavery writings and activism

Frances E. W. Harper used her literary talents to actively participate in the abolitionist movement and women's suffrage

Keckley's memoir and unique perspective on slavery and the White House

Elizabeth Keckley's memoir, "Behind the Scenes," provides a unique perspective on her life as a former slave and her experiences in the White House

Significance of Harper and Keckley's works in the discourse on race and reform

Harper and Keckley's literary contributions were significant in shaping the discourse on race and reform in the 19th century

National recognition for Paul Laurence Dunbar's poetry

Paul Laurence Dunbar's poetry, such as "Lyrics of Lowly Life," brought attention to the poetic talents of African Americans

Exploration of race and identity in Charles W. Chesnutt's works

Charles W. Chesnutt's novels and short stories explored issues of race and identity

Jessie Redmon Fauset's role in the development of African American literature during the Harlem Renaissance

Jessie Redmon Fauset's work as a novelist and editor during the Harlem Renaissance played a pivotal role in the development of African American literature

Emergence of writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

The Harlem Renaissance saw the emergence of writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, who celebrated black life and culture through their works

Confidence in the unique cultural identity of African Americans

The Harlem Renaissance was characterized by a newfound confidence in the unique cultural identity of African Americans

Recognition of African American artistic contributions as an essential part of American culture

The Harlem Renaissance contributed to the recognition of African American artistic contributions as an essential part of the American cultural landscape

Reflection of the Civil Rights Movement in African American literature

The literature of African American authors during the Civil Rights Movement addressed themes of race, identity, and social justice

Examination of race relations and personal identity in James Baldwin's works

James Baldwin's essays and novels, such as "The Fire Next Time," examined the intricacies of race relations and personal identity

Female voices in the Civil Rights Era, such as Gwendolyn Brooks

Female voices, like that of Gwendolyn Brooks, gained prominence in the literature of the Civil Rights Era, capturing the spirit of the black urban experience

Toni Morrison's exploration of the legacy of slavery

Toni Morrison's novels, such as "Beloved," delve into the legacy of slavery and its ongoing impact

Intersection of race, gender, and social change in Alice Walker's works

Alice Walker's "The Color Purple" addresses the intersection of race, gender, and social change

Rise of new voices, such as Ta-Nehisi Coates and Colson Whitehead

The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen the rise of new voices, such as Ta-Nehisi Coates and Colson Whitehead, whose works engage with contemporary issues of race and identity