Exploring the intricacies of covalent bonds, this overview distinguishes between polar and non-polar types based on electronegativity differences. Polar covalent bonds, exemplified by water molecules, have uneven electron distribution, leading to partial charges and dipole moments. Non-polar covalent bonds, like those in diatomic hydrogen, share electrons equally, resulting in electrically neutral molecules. The text delves into how these bonds affect boiling points, solubility, and electrical conductivity, providing a foundation for predicting bond types in compounds.
Show More
Covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
Definition of Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's tendency to attract and hold onto shared electrons
Pauling Scale
The Pauling scale quantifies electronegativity and is used to determine bond polarity
The difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms determines the polarity of the bond
Non-polar covalent bonds occur when two atoms with similar electronegativities share electrons equally
Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with different electronegativities, resulting in an uneven distribution of electron density
Ionic bonds form when there is a large difference in electronegativity, resulting in the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another
The type of covalent bond present in a compound affects its physical properties, such as melting and boiling points, solubility, and electrical conductivity
Non-polar covalent bonds result in molecules with no dipole moment and typically have lower melting points and are soluble in non-polar solvents
Polar covalent bonds result in molecules with a dipole moment and exhibit higher boiling points and solubility in polar solvents
00
Definition of covalent bond
Chemical bond where two non-metals share valence electrons.
01
Characteristic of non-polar covalent bond
Electrons shared evenly due to similar electronegativities.
02
Result of polar covalent bond in water molecule
Oxygen has partial negative charge, hydrogens have partial positive charges.
