Explore the eukaryotic cell cycle, a crucial process for cell replication and division, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. It includes G1, S, G2, and M phases, with checkpoints ensuring accuracy before progression. The G0 phase allows cells to remain dormant or differentiate, while cyclin-CDK complexes regulate transitions between phases. Cell cycle inhibitors act as tumor suppressors, and transcriptional networks coordinate cell cycle events with gene expression.
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1
The cell cycle is composed of four primary stages: ______, ______, ______, and ______, leading to cell replication.
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2
During the ______, which includes three phases, cells grow, copy their DNA, and get ready to divide.
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3
The ______ phase is when the cell's nucleus and cytoplasm divide, through mitosis and cytokinesis respectively.
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4
To ensure accuracy, the cell cycle has checkpoints after ______ and ______ phases, as well as during ______.
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5
Cells not in the division process may enter a resting state called the ______ phase.
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6
G0 Phase vs. G1 Phase Entry
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7
Cell Types in G0 Phase Indefinitely
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8
Re-entry into Cell Cycle from G0
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9
The cell cycle's ______ phase is when the cell's DNA is duplicated, resulting in two full chromosome sets.
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10
Before a cell divides, it undergoes a phase called ______ where it continues to grow and creates proteins needed for cell division.
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11
The ______ checkpoint ensures that the cell has reached adequate size and the DNA is intact before DNA replication.
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G1
12
To prevent errors during cell division, the ______ checkpoint confirms that all DNA has been replicated and is undamaged.
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G2
13
The ______ checkpoint during mitosis checks that all chromosomes are correctly attached to the spindle before the cell divides.
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spindle assembly
14
Stages of Mitosis
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Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; sequential steps for chromosome condensation, alignment, separation.
15
Mitotic Chromosome Behavior
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Chromosomes condense, align at equator, pulled to opposite poles; ensures even genetic distribution.
16
Consequences of Mitotic Errors
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Errors in chromosome segregation can lead to aneuploidy; potential cell death or cancer development.
17
Cyclins, which are ______ proteins, have levels that vary during the cell cycle.
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regulatory
18
CDKs are ______ that, upon being activated by cyclins, phosphorylate specific proteins to progress the cell cycle.
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enzymes
19
To ensure the cell cycle's events happen in the right order, different cyclin-CDK ______ are active at various stages.
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complexes
20
Cyclin-CDK complexes make sure that cell cycle events occur at the ______ times.
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appropriate
21
Role of cyclin D-CDK4/6 in G1 phase
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Prepares cell for DNA synthesis by promoting transcription of S phase genes.
22
Function of cyclin E-CDK2 in S phase initiation
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Helps initiate DNA replication at S phase start.
23
Importance of cyclin B-CDK1 for mitosis entry
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Essential for cell transition from G2 to mitosis.
24
The ______ family, with members like p21, p27, and p57, hinders cyclin-CDK activity, causing cells to halt in the G1 phase.
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Cip/Kip
25
______, a part of the INK4 family, specifically targets CDK4/6 to prevent cells from advancing beyond the G1 phase.
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p16INK4a
26
Tumor suppressors that inhibit cell cycle progression are essential to avert ______, which may result in cancer if disrupted.
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27
Mutations or inactivation of tumor suppressors can lead to cells overlooking ______, increasing the risk of cancer.
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28
Role of cyclin-CDK complexes in cell cycle control
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29
Cell cycle-dependent gene expression in eukaryotes
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30
Feedback loop between transcription factors and cell cycle machinery
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31
The beginning of ______ at certain origins can influence the ______ of adjacent genes.
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32
______ and ______ studies have supported the concept that DNA replication and gene expression are interconnected.
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33
The coordination between DNA synthesis and transcription is essential for ensuring ______ patterns are accurately passed on during ______.
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34
The interplay between DNA replication and gene expression is a key element of ______ cell biology.
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