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The Spoils System in American Political History

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The spoils system in American political history refers to the practice of rewarding supporters with public office positions. Originating before Andrew Jackson's era, it became prominent during his presidency. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 initiated a shift towards merit-based federal employment, reducing patronage and leading to a professional civil service. This act also impacted political campaign financing and the nonpartisan nature of civil service, although the spoils system persisted at state and local levels into the mid-20th century.

The Spoils System in American Political History

The spoils system is a political practice where a victorious party gives public office positions to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for their support, rather than hiring staff based on merit. This approach contrasts with the merit system, which emphasizes qualifications and performance. The spoils system became widespread in the United States and is often associated with President Andrew Jackson's administration after his 1828 election victory, drawing from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils." However, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 marked the beginning of a significant shift towards merit-based federal employment.
Historical scene in a nineteenth-century office with man sitting behind wooden desk, woman and man standing, archive cabinet and illuminated window.

The Origins and Evolution of the Spoils System

The spoils system was not initiated by Andrew Jackson, but has roots in the early political practices of the United States. Patronage was common during the administrations of early presidents, including George Washington, who appointed individuals aligned with the Federalist Party. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson also engaged in similar practices. The system gained prominence during the 1828 election, which saw the reemergence of a strong two-party system and the start of the Jacksonian era. Jackson's administration was notable for the extensive replacement of federal employees with his own supporters, which was seen as a defining moment for the spoils system.

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Origin of 'spoils system' phrase

Phrase 'to the victor belong the spoils' reflects the spoils system's practice of rewarding supporters with public office.

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President associated with spoils system

President Andrew Jackson, post-1828 election, widely linked to the spoils system's implementation in the U.S.

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Act initiating merit-based federal employment

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 began the transition to hiring federal employees based on merit.

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