Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms, following the formula CnH2n+2. They are found in petroleum and natural gas, used in energy and materials production. This text explores their nomenclature, isomerism, geometric structure, sources, physical properties, reactivity, and differences from alkenes.
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Alkanes are a class of hydrocarbons composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Single Bonds
Alkanes contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, making them saturated hydrocarbons
Fully Saturated with Hydrogen Atoms
Alkanes are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms, meaning they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom
The general formula for acyclic alkanes is CnH2n+2, where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms
The defining feature of alkanes is the carbon-carbon single bond, which is considered their functional group
Alkanes follow a homologous series, meaning they have a consistent pattern in their molecular structure
The nomenclature of alkanes follows the guidelines set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Alkanes have a tetrahedral geometry around each carbon atom, resulting in a bond angle of approximately 109.5 degrees
Alkanes are predominantly obtained from natural resources like petroleum and natural gas
Alkanes are characterized by their non-polar nature and exhibit low melting and boiling points, making them useful in the production of energy and materials
Alkanes are generally inert due to the strength of their bonds, but can undergo reactions under certain conditions
Alkanes differ from alkenes in that they contain only single bonds and are therefore less reactive
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General formula of acyclic alkanes
CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
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Bond type in alkanes
Single bonds between carbon atoms; alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.
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Alkanes' role in industry
Used in energy production and manufacturing materials like fuels and plastics.
