Explore the properties of acids and bases, their definitions according to Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories, and their role in neutralization reactions. Understand the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs, the significance of pH scale in measuring acidity, and the use of titration to determine concentrations. Learn about buffer solutions and their importance in maintaining pH stability in various systems.
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Acids are substances that can donate a proton, while bases can accept a proton
Brønsted-Lowry Theory
The Brønsted-Lowry theory explains acid-base behavior in a broader range of solvents and defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors
Arrhenius Definition
The Arrhenius definition is limited to aqueous solutions and defines acids as substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions and bases as those that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions
Lewis Theory
Lewis's theory defines acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors, broadening the scope to include reactions without proton transfer
Acids typically have a sour taste and can change the color of indicators, while bases feel slippery to the touch and turn red litmus paper blue
Neutralization reactions are chemical processes where an acid and a base react to form water and a salt
A salt is an ionic compound that results from the neutralization reaction and consists of cations and anions that are not H+ or OH
Neutralization reactions are applied in everyday life, such as in antacid tablets, toothpaste, and creams to neutralize excess acids and bases
Conjugate acid-base pairs are related by the reversible transfer of a proton and are vital for understanding the equilibrium in acid-base reactions
The strength of an acid or base refers to its ability to dissociate in solution, while concentration pertains to the amount of acid or base present
The pH scale is a logarithmic scale used to quantify the acidity or alkalinity of a solution based on the concentration of hydrogen ions present
Titration is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution by gradually adding a titrant of known concentration
Buffer solutions are mixtures that resist changes in pH and are essential in biological systems and industrial processes
00
The ______ definition only applies to aqueous solutions, stating acids increase hydrogen ion (H+) concentration and bases increase ______ ion (OH-) concentration.
Arrhenius
hydroxide
01
Lewis's theory expands the concept by categorizing acids as ______ pair acceptors and bases as ______ pair donors.
electron
electron
02
The ______ of an acid or base is measured by its ability to dissociate in solution, with ______ acids and bases dissociating completely.
strength
strong
