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The First French Empire, established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804, marked a significant era in European history. It saw rapid territorial expansion, the spread of revolutionary ideals, and the implementation of the Continental System. However, military overreach in Spain and Russia, along with the War of the Sixth Coalition, led to its downfall and the return of the Bourbon monarchy after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
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Napoleon Bonaparte claimed authority from the will of the people, rather than divine right or hereditary succession, as Emperor of the French
Constitution of the Year XII
The Constitution of the Year XII served as the legal foundation of the First French Empire
Napoleon's coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral on December 2, 1804, marked the official establishment of the First French Empire
Napoleon's military campaigns were motivated by defensive strategies, spreading the principles of the French Revolution, and liberating oppressed peoples
Directly administered territories
Napoleon directly administered territories, including lands ruled by his appointed relatives and regions under French influence
Allied states
Napoleon formed alliances with other states, expanding the reach of the First French Empire
Napoleon's military successes in Italy and the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine and client republics led to territorial acquisitions and the restructuring of kingdoms ruled by his family members
The Peninsular War, fought against British, Portuguese, and Spanish forces, weakened French resources and undermined Napoleon's military reputation
The Russian Campaign, marked by the devastating effects of the scorched-earth policy, resulted in a disastrous retreat and the decimation of the Grande Armée
The War of the Sixth Coalition, initiated by European powers, led to a series of defeats for the French and culminated in the decisive Battle of Waterloo, marking the end of the First French Empire
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The legal basis for Napoleon's rule was the ______, and his elaborate coronation took place at ______ ______ ______ on ______ ______, ______.
Constitution of the Year XII
Notre Dame Cathedral
December 2
1804
01
Extent of French Empire under Napoleon in 1812
French Empire at its peak, encompassing 90 million people.
02
Napoleon's influence on Italian territories
Conquered Italy, weakened Austria, annexed Piedmont, established client republics.
