Orbital hybridization is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains how atomic orbitals merge to form hybrid orbitals, leading to the formation of σ- and π-bonds. It refines valence bond theory, accounting for the geometry and energy of bonds. Sp3, sp2, and sp hybridizations correspond to single, double, and triple bonds, shaping the molecular geometry into tetrahedral, trigonal planar, and linear forms, respectively.
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Valence bond theory explains the geometry and energy equivalence of bonds in molecules
σ-Bonds
σ-Bonds result from the head-on overlap of orbitals and are essential for single bonds
π-Bonds
π-Bonds form through the side-on overlap of orbitals and are crucial for double and triple bonds
Hybrid Orbitals
Hybrid orbitals, such as sp3, sp2, and sp, are created by combining s, p, and sometimes d orbitals to form equivalent bonds
Hybridization accounts for molecular bonding patterns by combining different orbitals to form hybrid orbitals conducive to bond formation
Sp3 hybridization occurs when one s-orbital and three p-orbitals combine to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals of equal energy
Sp3 hybridization is essential for atoms like carbon in methane, enabling the formation of four equivalent bonds
The tetrahedral arrangement of sp3 orbitals facilitates the formation of σ-bonds with hydrogen atoms
π-Bonds are formed from the parallel overlap of p-orbitals and are integral to the structure of molecules with multiple bonds
π-Bonds allow for electron density on both sides of the bonding axis and are crucial for understanding the electronic structure and properties of molecules with double and triple bonds
π-Bonds have electron density on both sides of the bonding axis, unlike σ-bonds, which only have electron density on one side
Sp2 hybridization involves the combination of one s-orbital with two p-orbitals to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals, resulting in a trigonal planar shape
Sp hybridization is characterized by the combination of one s-orbital with one p-orbital, forming two sp hybrid orbitals aligned linearly
Sp2 hybridization accommodates one double bond and two single bonds, while sp hybridization is associated with one triple bond and one single bond
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Hybrid orbitals like ______, ______, and ______ correspond to single, double, and triple bonds in molecules.
sp3
sp2
sp
01
Definition of sp3 hybridization
Mixing of one s-orbital and three p-orbitals to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals.
02
Electron configuration of carbon before sp3 hybridization
Ground state carbon has 2 electrons in 2s orbital and 2 in 2p orbitals.
