Carboxylic acids are organic compounds characterized by a carboxyl group. This text explores their weak acid properties, synthesis methods like oxidation of alcohols, and reactions including esterification. It also delves into the formation of acid derivatives and their increased reactivity, highlighting their role in organic synthesis and industrial applications.
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The carboxyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, which defines carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids are classified as weak acids due to their partial ionization in aqueous solutions
Carboxylic acids can be synthesized through oxidation of primary alcohols, hydrolysis of nitriles, or hydrolysis of esters
Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates to form carboxylate salts, water, and carbon dioxide gas
Carboxylic acids react with metal hydroxides to form carboxylate salts and water
Carboxylic acids react with active metals to produce hydrogen gas and carboxylate salts
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols using reducing agents
Decarboxylation reactions result in the loss of the carboxyl group, forming an alkane
Carboxylic acids can be converted into more reactive acyl halides, such as acyl chlorides, through reaction with reagents
Acid derivatives are compounds formed by substituting the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid with a more reactive leaving group, such as acyl chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides
Acid derivatives are highly reactive and undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions, leading to the formation of various products
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Carboxyl group composition
Consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH).
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Carboxylic acid ionization process
Partially ionizes in water to form carboxylate anion and hydrogen cation, involves resonance.
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Sensory characteristic of carboxylic acids
Often have pungent, sour taste; example: acetic acid in vinegar.
