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The Coup of 18 Brumaire led by General Napoleon Bonaparte on 9 November 1799 marked a pivotal moment in French history, ending the Directory and establishing the French Consulate. This strategic, largely bloodless coup, supported by key political figures, set the stage for Napoleon's ascent to absolute power, culminating in his coronation as Emperor and significantly influencing France's political landscape.
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The term "coup d'état" originates from the French phrase meaning 'blow to the state'
Non-democratic nature
Coups are characterized by their non-democratic nature and often involve the use of force
Involvement of a small group within the state establishment
Coups are typically executed by a small group within the state establishment, often involving the military
Use of force or threat of force
Coups frequently involve the use of force or the threat of force
The Coup of 18 Brumaire is one example of a successful coup in history
The Coup of 18 Brumaire occurred in France in 1799, during a period of political and military turmoil
General Napoleon Bonaparte
General Napoleon Bonaparte, with the support of influential politicians, led the coup against the French Directory
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Talleyrand was one of the influential politicians who supported Napoleon in the coup
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
Sieyès was another influential politician who supported Napoleon in the coup
Confrontation with the legislative assembly
Napoleon confronted the legislative assembly and declared the Directory's governance as unconstitutional
Use of military force
Napoleon's loyal grenadiers played a key role in dissolving the Directory and securing the success of the coup
Dramatic moment with Lucien Bonaparte
Lucien Bonaparte, President of the Council of Five Hundred, declared his willingness to kill his own brother if he betrayed the republic, adding to the dramatic nature of the coup
Establishment of the French Consulate
The coup led to the establishment of the French Consulate, with Napoleon as one of the three consuls
Restructuring of the government
The Constitution of the Year VIII restructured the government and elevated Napoleon to the position of First Consul
Napoleon's rise to power
The Coup of 18 Brumaire marked the beginning of Napoleon's rise to absolute power in France
Napoleon's leadership brought stability to France, culminating in the temporary end of hostilities with the British through the Treaty of Amiens
The coup led to the reformation of France's political structure, with Napoleon at the helm of the state
The Coup of 18 Brumaire paved the way for Napoleon's eventual proclamation as Emperor of the French in 1804, solidifying his absolute power
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Origin of 'coup d'état' term
French for 'blow to the state'; denotes rapid power usurpation.
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Characteristics of coups
Non-democratic, often forceful or threatening, executed by state insiders.
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The ______ of 18 Brumaire happened on ______, marking a significant power shift amidst France's political chaos.
Coup
9 November 1799
