Electromagnetic waves are fundamental to modern technology, from radio to gamma rays. They travel at light speed in a vacuum and exhibit wave-particle duality. Applications range from communication to medical imaging, while safety protocols are crucial to mitigate health risks from ionizing radiation.
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Electromagnetic waves are defined as oscillations of electric and magnetic fields that can travel through space and various media
Wave-particle duality
Electromagnetic waves exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, with the latter becoming more evident at higher frequencies
Electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed of approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s in a vacuum and are described by the equation c = f · λ
Electromagnetic waves can interact with matter and with each other, leading to phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference, and can also be polarized
The wave-like behavior of light was first suggested by Christian Huygens and later demonstrated through Thomas Young's double-slit experiment
James Clerk Maxwell's equations mathematically described the interrelated nature of electric and magnetic fields and predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which were later confirmed by Heinrich Hertz's experiments
The electromagnetic spectrum includes a range of waves from long-wavelength radio waves to short-wavelength gamma rays, each with unique properties and applications
Non-ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation, such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared radiation, is used in various technologies such as communication systems, medical imaging, and household appliances
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation, including ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays, is utilized in medical diagnostics and treatment, but can also be harmful to biological tissues if not used safely