The Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Principle

Empirical Temperature Definition Basis

Thermal Equilibrium Condition

The ______ law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of energy ______.

Energy may be transferred as work, heat, or via ______ of matter, but it is neither ______ nor ______.

The concept of ______ energy is crucial to the system's total energy in this ______.

This principle disproves the feasibility of a ______ ______ machine of the first kind.

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Spontaneous Process Direction

Second Law: Heat Flow Restriction

Second Law Implications: Heat Engines and Refrigerators

For a perfect crystal at near ______ temperatures, the entropy is often considered to be ______.

The ______ law of thermodynamics suggests that achieving ______ zero is impossible in a finite number of steps.

As substances get closer to ______ zero, the ______ law provides a baseline for their entropy levels.

Initial formulation of the second law of thermodynamics

Development of the first and second laws in the 19th century

Introduction of the third law of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is vital for disciplines such as ______, ______, and ______, influencing how energy transformations are comprehended.