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Macromolecules and Cell Processes

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Explore the structure and function of macromolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, and their monomeric units. Understand the unique characteristics of lipids in biological systems. Delve into cell theory, the composition of cell membranes, and the specialized roles of organelles in eukaryotic cells. Learn about the dynamics of cell metabolism, the stages of cellular respiration, the transformative process of photosynthesis, and the intricate mechanisms of cell signaling. The text also covers the cell cycle and the principles of reproduction.

Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks

Macromolecules are essential large molecules in biological systems, consisting of smaller units called monomers. These monomers, such as monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides, are the fundamental building blocks for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, respectively. Carbohydrates, composed of sugar monomers and polymers, serve as key energy sources and provide structural support within cells. Proteins, formed from twenty different amino acids, are the most diverse macromolecules, fulfilling roles in enzyme catalysis, transport, signaling, and structural support. Nucleic acids, made up of nucleotide polymers, are crucial for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information, which is central to heredity and cellular function.
Detailed cell model with purple nucleus, orange mitochondria, blue endoplasmic reticulum, double helix DNA and green protein on gradient background.

The Distinct Characteristics of Lipids

Lipids differ from other macromolecules as they are not typically composed of monomer-polymer chains but are still classified as macromolecules due to their large and complex nature. They include various substances such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, all of which are hydrophobic and nonpolar. Lipids are vital for constructing cell membranes, storing energy, and acting as signaling molecules. Their hydrophobic properties are crucial for the formation of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, which is imperative for maintaining cellular integrity and facilitating membrane fluidity and function.

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00

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar units and building blocks for carbohydrates.

01

Protein Diversity Basis

Twenty different amino acids form proteins, enabling diverse functions like catalysis and transport.

02

Function of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information, crucial for heredity and cellular operations.

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