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The French Directory, established post-Reign of Terror, aimed to prevent autocracy with a bicameral legislature and an executive body of five Directors. It faced economic hardship, military engagements, and royalist opposition, leading to its eventual downfall and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This period was marked by significant reforms, treaties, and political maneuvers that shaped the course of French history.
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The French Directory was established as the governing body of the French Republic in 1795
Council of Five Hundred
The lower house of the Directory, responsible for drafting laws and composed of deputies over 30 years old
Council of Ancients
The upper house of the Directory, with the power to accept or reject laws but not draft them, composed of men over 40
The Directory was composed of five Directors, elected by the legislature and serving staggered five-year terms, to prevent autocratic rule
The Directory struggled with a depleted treasury, tax evasion, and inflation, leading to failed attempts at stabilizing the economy
The Directory's foreign policy was dominated by ongoing military campaigns, particularly against Austria, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte
The Directory faced opposition from royalist factions, leading to the execution of the Coup of Fructidor in 1797 to maintain control
The Directory faced challenges from dwindling military support, defiance from local governments, and declining public confidence
The Directory was ultimately overthrown by the Coup of 18 Brumaire, led by Abbé Sieyès and supported by General Napoleon Bonaparte
The end of the Directory marked the conclusion of the French Revolution and the beginning of a new chapter in French governance under the Consulate and Napoleon Bonaparte
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Date and document establishing the French Directory
Established on August 22, 1795, by the Constitution of the Year III.
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Legislative bodies of the French Directory
Consisted of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients.
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Executive body composition of the French Directory
Comprised of five Directors.
