The Life and Works of Ben Jonson

Early Life and Education of Ben Jonson

Benjamin Jonson was born on June 11, 1572, in London, England. He was the posthumous son of a minister and was later raised by his mother and stepfather, a bricklayer. Jonson's education began in the church school of St. Martin's Lane and later at the prestigious Westminster School, where he was tutored by the scholar William Camden. Camden's classical teachings greatly influenced Jonson's literary works. Although he was expected to attend Cambridge University, financial constraints led him to an apprenticeship in bricklaying. This trade, however, did not prevent Jonson from pursuing his passion for literature and drama.

Jonson's Foray into Theatre and Personal Life

After serving in the military in the Netherlands, Ben Jonson turned to the theatre, working as an actor and playwright. He married Anne Lewis in 1594, and they had several children, though many of their lives were marked by tragedy, including the death of his eldest son to the plague, which Jonson immortalized in his poem 'On My First Sonne'. His play 'Every Man in His Humour' was performed in 1598, establishing his reputation as a playwright. Jonson's collaborations with other playwrights, including William Shakespeare, were significant, though the exact nature of their relationship is not well-documented.

Controversies and Legal Troubles

Ben Jonson's life and career were marred by several controversies. His involvement with the satirical play 'The Isle of Dogs' resulted in a brief imprisonment. In 1598, a duel with actor Gabriel Spenser ended in Spenser's death, for which Jonson was tried and found guilty of manslaughter. He escaped the gallows by pleading "benefit of clergy," a medieval law allowing him to demonstrate his literacy to receive a more lenient punishment. During his imprisonment, Jonson converted to Catholicism, which he later renounced after twelve years.

Jonson's Contributions to Courtly Entertainment

The reign of King James I brought new opportunities for Jonson, who became a prominent writer of masques—luxurious courtly entertainments involving poetry, music, dance, and elaborate sets. Jonson's masques were celebrated for their wit and ingenuity, and he enjoyed the patronage of various members of the nobility. However, his satirical plays, which often critiqued societal norms and political corruption, sometimes led to friction with the authorities and his patrons.

The Height of Jonson's Literary Career

Ben Jonson's most productive period was between 1605 and 1620, during which he wrote some of his most famous plays, including 'Volpone' and 'The Alchemist'. These works are renowned for their complex characterizations and use of the comedy of humours, which depicted characters dominated by a single temperament or "humour." Jonson's poetry, including 'Song: to Celia' and 'To Penshurst', was compiled in the 1616 folio 'The Workes of Benjamin Jonson', which also included his plays and masques. His poetry is noted for its classical form, intellectual depth, and often satirical tone.

Later Years and Legacy

The final years of Jonson's life were marked by declining health, including a series of strokes, and a lessening of his literary output. The political changes after the death of King James I also affected his standing. Nevertheless, Jonson's death on August 6, 1637, was a significant event, and he was honored with a burial in Westminster Abbey. His legacy endures as a master of the comedy of humours and as a central figure in the development of English drama and poetry. His works remain influential for their sharp characterizations and their role in shaping literary form and style.