The Great Wave of Immigration in the United States (1890-1920)
Concept Map
The Great Wave of Immigration between 1890 and 1920 saw the U.S. welcome 18 million new residents, transforming its demographic landscape. These immigrants, mainly from Eastern and Southern Europe, fueled the labor demands of the Second Industrial Revolution but faced challenges such as discrimination and harsh living conditions. The era also witnessed the rise of restrictive immigration policies, reflecting the nativist sentiments of the time. Additionally, Irish and Latin American immigration had significant cultural and political impacts on American society.
Summary
Outline
The Great Wave of Immigration: 1890-1920
The period from 1890 to 1920 in the United States is often referred to as the Great Wave of Immigration. During these three decades, the nation welcomed around 18 million new residents, largely fueling the labor demands of the Second Industrial Revolution. These immigrants, many of whom found employment in burgeoning industries such as manufacturing, mining, and construction, played a crucial role in the country's economic expansion. Despite their contributions, immigrants frequently endured difficult living and working conditions and faced discrimination and xenophobia. This era was characterized by a significant demographic transformation, with immigrants constituting nearly 14 percent of the U.S. population by 1900, predominantly from Eastern and Southern Europe.Old Immigrants Versus New Immigrants
The immigrants of this era were often distinguished as "old" and "new" immigrants. The "old" immigrants, who arrived before the 1880s, mainly came from Northern and Western Europe, particularly Germany and the British Isles. They typically had some financial resources, possessed skills that were in demand, and were predominantly Protestant, which facilitated their assimilation into American society. Many settled in rural communities. In contrast, the "new" immigrants arriving from the 1880s onward were primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy, Russia, the Balkans, and Poland. These individuals often arrived with limited financial means and little knowledge of English, seeking work in the United States with the intention of eventually returning to their homelands. Their transient nature and cultural differences made their assimilation more challenging, leading to the moniker "Birds of Passage" for those who planned to return after earning money.Immigration Policies of the Early 20th Century
The surge of immigration in the early 20th century led to the implementation of increasingly restrictive immigration policies by the U.S. government. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers, marked the beginning of such legislation. The Immigration Act of 1917, also known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act, introduced literacy tests and a head tax, effectively barring immigrants from much of Asia and parts of Europe. Subsequent laws, including the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924, established quotas that limited immigration based on national origins. These quotas were a reflection of the prevailing racism and nativism of the time, aiming to preserve the existing ethnic composition of the American population.Irish and Latin American Immigration in the 20th Century
Irish immigration to the United States began in earnest during the mid-19th century, largely as a result of the Great Famine. By 1930, approximately 4.5 million Irish had emigrated to America. Initially, they occupied low-wage, unskilled jobs in urban areas but gradually gained political power, particularly within the Democratic Party and organizations like New York City's Tammany Hall. Concurrently, immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico, grew due to both the allure of economic opportunities in industries such as railroads and agriculture and the push factors like the Mexican Revolution. However, the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s significantly reduced immigration from Latin America as economic conditions worsened and employment opportunities dwindled.Motivations and Effects of 20th Century Immigration
The influx of immigrants during the 20th century was driven by various factors, including the search for economic opportunity, the desire for religious freedom, and the pursuit of improved living conditions. The industrial and agricultural sectors in the United States offered numerous employment opportunities, though immigrants were often subject to exploitation and harsh working conditions. They established ethnic enclaves, such as Chinatowns and Little Italies, which provided a sense of community and cultural preservation. The rapid population increase contributed to urbanization and associated challenges, such as overcrowded housing and inadequate sanitation. The cultural shifts and the presence of diverse immigrant groups also sparked isolationist and nativist sentiments among some segments of the American populace, who viewed the newcomers with suspicion and feared the influence of foreign ideologies.
Show More
Demographic Transformation
Immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe
These immigrants constituted nearly 14 percent of the U.S. population by 1900 and faced discrimination and xenophobia
"Old" and "New" Immigrants
"Old" Immigrants
These immigrants arrived before the 1880s from Northern and Western Europe, had financial resources and skills, and were predominantly Protestant
"New" Immigrants
These immigrants arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe from the 1880s onward, often with limited means and cultural differences, and were known as "Birds of Passage."
Restrictive Immigration Policies
The U.S. government implemented laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Immigration Act of 1917, and the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to limit immigration based on national origins
Irish Immigration
Causes and Numbers
Irish immigration to the United States began in the mid-19th century due to the Great Famine, with approximately 4.5 million Irish emigrating by 1930
Political Power and Influence
Irish immigrants initially held low-wage jobs but gained political power within the Democratic Party and organizations like Tammany Hall
Latin American Immigration
Push and Pull Factors
Immigration from Latin America, particularly Mexico, grew due to economic opportunities and the Mexican Revolution
Impact of the Great Depression
The Great Depression in the 1930s significantly reduced immigration from Latin America due to worsening economic conditions
Challenges and Effects of Immigration
Economic Opportunities and Exploitation
Immigrants were drawn to the industrial and agricultural sectors in the U.S. but often faced exploitation and harsh working conditions
Cultural Shifts and Ethnic Enclaves
Immigrants established ethnic enclaves, such as Chinatowns and Little Italies, to preserve their culture and community
Urbanization and Nativism
The rapid population increase and presence of diverse immigrant groups sparked isolationist and nativist sentiments among some Americans
The Great Wave of Immigration in the United States (1890-1920)
Learn with Algor Education flashcards
Click on each Card to learn more about the topic
00
Timeframe of the Great Wave of Immigration in the U.S.
1890 to 1920, marked by mass immigration.
01
Primary industries employing new immigrants during the Great Wave.
Manufacturing, mining, and construction industries.
02
Immigrant population percentage in the U.S. by 1900.
Nearly 14 percent, mostly from Eastern and Southern Europe.
