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The Smoot-Hawley Tariff and Its Impact on the Great Depression

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Herbert Hoover's term as the 31st President of the United States coincided with the Great Depression, marked by the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. This legislation, aimed at protecting American farmers and manufacturers by imposing high tariffs on imports, is often criticized for worsening the economic crisis by reducing international trade and prompting retaliatory tariffs. The Act's role in deepening the Depression and its eventual reversal under Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, which favored lower tariffs and bilateral trade agreements, represent a pivotal moment in U.S. economic history.

Herbert Hoover's Presidency and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States, served from 1929 to 1933 during a period of significant economic turmoil. His administration is often associated with the Great Depression and the enactment of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. Signed into law on June 17, 1930, the Act was intended to protect American farmers and manufacturers by imposing high tariffs on a wide range of imported goods. Although Hoover aimed to fulfill his campaign promises and assist the agricultural sector, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff is widely criticized for exacerbating the Great Depression by stifling international trade and causing retaliatory tariffs.
1930s American port with dock workers unloading sacks from a steel-hulled cargo ship, cranes in the background, under a muted blue sky.

The Political Climate and Protectionism

The early 20th century political climate in the United States was characterized by a prevailing Republican preference for protectionist policies. Protectionism, which involves restricting international trade to support domestic industries, was a cornerstone of Republican economic strategy. The party had dominated presidential politics since the Civil War, with the exception of Democrat Woodrow Wilson's presidency, which had briefly lowered tariffs. When Hoover entered the White House, he inherited a political environment that was predisposed to the idea of protecting U.S. industries through tariffs.

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Herbert Hoover's Presidential Term

Served as 31st US President from 1929-1933 during economic turmoil.

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Economic Context of Hoover's Presidency

Great Depression era, marked by severe unemployment and deflation.

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Consequences of Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Led to international trade decline and retaliatory tariffs, worsening Depression.

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