The Enlightenment era revolutionized economic theory with Adam Smith's free market advocacy and spurred penal reform through Cesare Beccaria's critiques of torture. It reshaped Western political thought, influencing democratic values and social contract theory as espoused by Locke and Rousseau. Philosophes promoted progress and modernity, while enlightened absolutist monarchs sought to apply these ideals practically. The period also advocated for religious tolerance and secular governance, setting the stage for revolutionary movements like the American and French Revolutions.
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1
During the ______, which occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries, significant advancements were made in economic theory and penal system reforms.
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2
Adam Smith's seminal work, published in ______, laid the foundations for modern economics by criticizing ______ and promoting free market principles.
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3
Cesare Beccaria's influential book, '______,' published in 1764, played a key role in reforming the criminal justice system by opposing ______ and the death penalty.
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4
Enlightenment scholars chronicling political transformation
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5
Enlightened absolutism examples in Europe
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6
Enlightenment's role in US foundational documents
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7
The ______ era is known for major progress in political philosophy, including ideas about the social contract and natural rights.
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8
Philosophers like ______, ______, and ______ delved into the roots and objectives of governance.
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9
Enlightenment's view on societal progress
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10
Contractual basis of rights' impact
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11
Philosophes' stance on social contract
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Supported social contract as civil society foundation; Hume, Ferguson questioned its necessity.
12
Philosophers like ______ endorsed the notion of wise monarchs ruling with logic and fairness.
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13
Monarchs such as ______ the Great of Prussia and ______ the Great of Russia consulted with Enlightenment thinkers for their statecraft.
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14
Despite facing resistance, these royal initiatives aimed to translate ______ ideas into governance.
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15
Enlightenment stance on religious tolerance
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16
John Locke's religious theory
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17
Voltaire's view on universal brotherhood
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18
The ______'s ideals significantly influenced the revolutionary movements at the end of the ______ century.
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19
In contrast, the ______ Revolution arose from tensions between royal authority and Enlightenment thinkers who shaped ______ and cultural standards.
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20
These upheavals transitioned from ______-right monarchy to governance based on the ______ of the people, demonstrating the Enlightenment's impact on political development.
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History
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The Enlightenment: A Historical Overview
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