Thoreau's "Walking"

Understanding Thoreau's "Walking" Essay

Henry David Thoreau's "Walking," an essay that began as a lecture in 1851, delves into the relationship between nature and humanity. Thoreau, an avid walker who explored the natural landscapes of New England, uses walking as a metaphor to discuss philosophical themes such as the intrinsic value of nature, the importance of individualism, and the quest for spiritual enlightenment. The essay is a reflection of Thoreau's Transcendentalist beliefs, which advocate for a deep, personal connection with the natural world and a life of simplicity and self-reliance.

Transcendentalism and Thoreau's Vision of a Higher Law

Transcendentalism, a philosophical movement that emerged in the 1830s, greatly influenced Thoreau's perspective. This movement emphasized the sanctity of the individual conscience and the primacy of the natural world as a source of truth and spiritual fulfillment. In "Walking," Thoreau presents the concept of a "higher law"—a moral compass that guides individuals beyond the constraints of societal norms and legal statutes. His essay subtly critiques the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, reflecting his abolitionist stance and his belief in the supremacy of moral law over unjust human laws.

The Art and Pilgrimage of Walking

Thoreau elevates walking to an art, suggesting that few truly understand its potential as a means of spiritual and intellectual discovery. He compares the act of walking to a sacred pilgrimage, where the walker becomes a seeker of truth, unencumbered by societal obligations. Thoreau criticizes the sedentary lifestyle of his contemporaries, advocating for the benefits of outdoor activity on both the body and the mind. He argues that the most meaningful walks are those that venture into the wilderness, away from the distractions of civilization.

Wildness as Direction and Destination

In Thoreau's view, the wild represents both a tangible landscape and a state of mind that one should aspire to. He encourages walking in natural, unspoiled environments to fully engage with the world. Thoreau also expresses a symbolic preference for the southwest direction, associating it with progress, exploration, and the American frontier. He sees the West as emblematic of the untapped potential of humanity and the ideal setting for personal and societal growth.

The Primacy of Wildness Over Civilization

Thoreau champions the concept of wildness, asserting that the most authentic and vibrant forms of life are found in nature rather than human-made environments. He critiques the prioritization of cultivated beauty over the raw charm of the natural world. Thoreau suggests that true inspiration and creativity are rooted in the wild, and he encourages a break from the domestication of the human spirit. He calls for a deeper engagement with the natural cycles of the environment, rather than adherence to arbitrary societal constructs.

The Symbiosis of Walking, Living, and Thinking

Thoreau's essay draws a connection between the physical act of walking and the philosophical acts of living and thinking. He posits that walking is a metaphor for a conscious and deliberate approach to life, one that is attuned to the natural world and free from materialistic distractions. Through personal anecdotes, Thoreau illustrates how nature can provide profound insights and foster a sense of presence. He advocates for living in the moment and embracing the new day with the same enthusiasm as a rooster greeting the dawn.

The Composition and Literary Techniques of "Walking"

"Walking" is structured to reflect the meandering and reflective nature of a walk through the wilderness, concluding with the metaphorical sunset of Thoreau's thoughts. The essay's rhetorical style is rich with literary devices such as metaphor, hyperbole, and anecdote, which stem from its origins as a spoken lecture. Thoreau's use of these techniques serves to engage readers and emphasize his philosophical messages. The essay is also interwoven with references to a diverse range of literary and religious texts, showcasing Thoreau's broad intellectual engagement and reinforcing the depth of his reflections on walking as an embodiment of his worldview.