Continued Crusading Efforts in the Levant After Acre's Fall
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The continuation of crusading efforts in the Levant after the fall of Acre in 1291 is a testament to the enduring nature of these conflicts. Western European powers persisted in military campaigns to influence the Holy Land, with crusades expanding to include internal Christian disputes and Mediterranean expansion. The text delves into various military actions against both Muslim and Christian entities, highlighting the changing dynamics and eventual decline of crusading zeal leading up to the fall of Constantinople.
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Continued Crusading Efforts in the Levant After Acre's Fall
The loss of Acre in 1291 did not signify the end of crusading activities in the Levant. Instead, these efforts persisted well into the following centuries, with Western European powers still attempting to influence and control parts of the Holy Land. Key historical accounts of this era, such as Kenneth Setton's "History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries" and Norman Housley's "The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar" and "The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700," provide comprehensive narratives of the numerous military campaigns that occurred, highlighting the enduring nature of these conflicts.Crusades Beyond the Muslim Front
The scope of the crusades broadened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries to include internal Christian conflicts. Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed a crusade against Frederick III of Sicily, leading to the Peace of Caltabellotta, which affirmed Frederick's rule. Another internal crusade was waged against the Colonna Cardinals in 1298, aimed at diminishing the influence of the Colonna family. These events demonstrate the expansion of the term "crusade" to encompass internal political disputes within Christendom, alongside traditional religious warfare.Christian Expansion in the Mediterranean Through Military Campaigns
The 14th century witnessed several military campaigns that extended Christian territories in the Mediterranean. The Almogavars, seasoned from the War of the Sicilian Vespers, formed the Catalan Company and gained control over the Duchy of Athens and Thebes. The Knights Hospitaller, through their crusade from 1306 to 1310, secured a base on the island of Rhodes. These military actions reflect the ongoing ambitions of Christian powers to expand their influence in strategic regions.Crusades Targeting Catalans and Turkish Powers
The 14th century also saw crusades against Christian entities, such as the failed campaign against the Catalan Grand Company from 1330 to 1332. Concurrently, the Naval Crusade of the Holy League in 1332–1333 aimed at the Aydinid Turkish fleet, indicating the persistent conflict with Turkish powers in the Aegean Sea. The Holy League of Clement VI in 1343 and the Smyrna Crusade in 1344 were successful naval operations against Smyrna, emphasizing the significance of naval strength in crusading strategies.Crusading Activity in the Late 14th Century Amidst the Great Schism
The second half of the 14th century continued to see crusading endeavors, though with mixed outcomes. The Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois in 1346 and the campaign against Francesco Ordelaffi from 1355 to 1357 were part of the ongoing Christian military presence in the region. This period was also marked by the Great Schism, which led to several smaller crusades, including those against Charles III of Naples in 1382, Despenser's Crusade in 1383, and John of Gaunt's campaign in 1387. These were influenced by the schism within the Church and the complex political dynamics of Europe.The Waning of Crusading Zeal in the Late Medieval Period
The final crusades of the medieval era, such as the Mahdia Crusade in 1390 and the Crusade of Nicopolis in 1396, exhibited a noticeable decline in enthusiasm and effectiveness. The Mahdia Crusade, led by Louis II de Bourbon, aimed at Barbary pirates but achieved limited success. The Crusade of Nicopolis, despite being a significant multinational effort, ended in a catastrophic defeat and signaled the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The solo effort of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople in 1399 had minimal impact on the broader geopolitical context.The End of the Crusading Era and the Fall of Constantinople
The 15th century marked the concluding phase of the crusading period, with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 serving as a watershed event. Subsequent crusades, such as Nicholas V's in 1455–1456 and the Genoese defense of Chios in 1455–1457, were responses to the rising Ottoman Empire. Despite these efforts, the crusading movement was unable to stem the Ottoman tide, and the period following the fall of Constantinople witnessed the gradual cessation of crusades as a defining element of European international policy.
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Persistence of Crusading Activities
Internal Christian Conflicts
Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed a crusade against Frederick III of Sicily and the Colonna Cardinals, expanding the definition of crusades to include internal political disputes within Christendom
Christian Expansion in the Mediterranean
Military Campaigns
The Almogavars formed the Catalan Company and gained control over the Duchy of Athens and Thebes, while the Knights Hospitaller secured a base on the island of Rhodes, reflecting the ongoing ambitions of Christian powers to expand their influence in strategic regions
Crusades Against Catalans and Turkish Powers
The 14th century saw crusades against Christian entities, such as the failed campaign against the Catalan Grand Company and the Naval Crusade of the Holy League against the Aydinid Turkish fleet, highlighting the persistent conflict with Turkish powers in the Aegean Sea
Crusading Activity in the Late 14th Century
Amidst the Great Schism
The Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois and the campaign against Francesco Ordelaffi were part of the ongoing Christian military presence in the region, influenced by the schism within the Church and the complex political dynamics of Europe
Waning of Crusading Zeal
The final crusades of the medieval era, such as the Mahdia Crusade and the Crusade of Nicopolis, exhibited a noticeable decline in enthusiasm and effectiveness, with the latter ending in a catastrophic defeat and signaling the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire
The End of the Crusading Era
Fall of Constantinople
The 15th century marked the concluding phase of the crusading period, with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 serving as a watershed event and subsequent crusades being responses to the rising Ottoman Empire
Cessation of Crusades
Despite efforts such as Nicholas V's crusade and the Genoese defense of Chios, the crusading movement was unable to stem the Ottoman tide, leading to the gradual cessation of crusades as a defining element of European international policy
Continued Crusading Efforts in the Levant After Acre's Fall
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00
Western European nations continued to try to exert their influence over parts of the ______ after 1291.
Holy Land
01
Kenneth Setton authored '______, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries' detailing these events.
History of the Crusades
02
Norman Housley wrote 'The Later Crusades, ______-______: From Lyons to Alcazar' about the enduring crusades.
1274
1580
