The continuation of crusading efforts in the Levant after the fall of Acre in 1291 is a testament to the enduring nature of these conflicts. Western European powers persisted in military campaigns to influence the Holy Land, with crusades expanding to include internal Christian disputes and Mediterranean expansion. The text delves into various military actions against both Muslim and Christian entities, highlighting the changing dynamics and eventual decline of crusading zeal leading up to the fall of Constantinople.
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Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed a crusade against Frederick III of Sicily and the Colonna Cardinals, expanding the definition of crusades to include internal political disputes within Christendom
Military Campaigns
The Almogavars formed the Catalan Company and gained control over the Duchy of Athens and Thebes, while the Knights Hospitaller secured a base on the island of Rhodes, reflecting the ongoing ambitions of Christian powers to expand their influence in strategic regions
The 14th century saw crusades against Christian entities, such as the failed campaign against the Catalan Grand Company and the Naval Crusade of the Holy League against the Aydinid Turkish fleet, highlighting the persistent conflict with Turkish powers in the Aegean Sea
The Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois and the campaign against Francesco Ordelaffi were part of the ongoing Christian military presence in the region, influenced by the schism within the Church and the complex political dynamics of Europe
The final crusades of the medieval era, such as the Mahdia Crusade and the Crusade of Nicopolis, exhibited a noticeable decline in enthusiasm and effectiveness, with the latter ending in a catastrophic defeat and signaling the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire
The 15th century marked the concluding phase of the crusading period, with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 serving as a watershed event and subsequent crusades being responses to the rising Ottoman Empire
Despite efforts such as Nicholas V's crusade and the Genoese defense of Chios, the crusading movement was unable to stem the Ottoman tide, leading to the gradual cessation of crusades as a defining element of European international policy
00
Western European nations continued to try to exert their influence over parts of the ______ after 1291.
Holy Land
01
Kenneth Setton authored '______, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries' detailing these events.
History of the Crusades
02
Norman Housley wrote 'The Later Crusades, ______-______: From Lyons to Alcazar' about the enduring crusades.
1274
1580
