Synthesis and Functions

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and hormone that is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan and is involved in various bodily functions such as mood regulation, appetite, and the sleep-wake cycle

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Role in Sleep Regulation

Serotonin plays a pivotal role in regulating sleep by contributing to the production of melatonin and modulating the sleep architecture, and imbalances can lead to sleep disturbances such as insomnia

Interaction with the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala

Serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex is essential for impulse control and decision-making, and it interacts with the amygdala to moderate aggressive behavior

Link to Mood Disorders and Pharmacological Treatments

Adequate levels of serotonin are linked to a calm, content, and focused mental state, while imbalances can lead to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, and pharmacological treatments such as SSRIs work by increasing serotonin availability to enhance its mood-lifting effects

Serotonin Deficiency Hypothesis

The serotonin deficiency hypothesis suggests that low levels of serotonin may be associated with increased aggression and mood disorders

Relationship with the Limbic System

Dysfunctions in the Regulatory Circuit

Studies have shown that individuals with aggressive tendencies may have reduced connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, potentially due to low serotonin levels impairing the prefrontal cortex's ability to regulate aggressive impulses

Evidence from Animal Studies

Animal studies have demonstrated that serotonin plays a role in anxiety and aggression, and pharmacological treatments such as fluoxetine can delay aggressive responses

Complex Relationship and Influencing Factors

The connection between serotonin and aggression is complex and influenced by a multitude of factors, including individual traits and environmental conditions