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Exploring the world of plants, this overview delves into their evolution from green algae, adaptations of terrestrial and aquatic species, and their ecosystem roles. It covers plant structures like roots, stems, and leaves, and reproductive cycles, highlighting the diversity of species from mosses to roses. Plants' importance in providing oxygen, food, and resources is also emphasized.
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Plants evolved from ancestral green algae approximately 470 million years ago during the Ordovician period
Charophytes
Charophytes are a group within the green algae and are the closest extant relatives of plants
Plants have developed a variety of adaptations to cope with the challenges of living on land, such as cuticles, roots, stomata, and symbiotic associations with fungi
There are over 390,000 known plant species inhabiting a wide range of ecosystems
Terrestrial Plants
Terrestrial plants, or embryophytes, have adapted to life on land, while aquatic plants, or hydrophytes, thrive in water environments
Aquatic Plants
Aquatic plants have evolved features such as flexible structures, reduced roots, and specialized tissues to survive in water environments
The earliest terrestrial plants were similar to liverworts and mosses, while pine trees, roses, and other modern plants have evolved over time
Roots
Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil
Stems
Stems provide structural support and transport fluids between roots and leaves
Leaves
Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis
Flowers
Flowers facilitate sexual reproduction and attract pollinators
Fruits
Fruits encase seeds and aid in their dispersal
Seeds
Seeds contain the plant embryo and a nutrient store, enabling the next generation of plants to grow
Plants are fundamental to ecosystems and human existence, producing oxygen, forming the base of food webs, and providing resources for medicine, materials, and energy
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Closest living relatives of plants
Charophytes, a group within green algae.
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Primary structure of plant cells
Multicellular with membrane-bound organelles, cellulose-based cell walls.
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Diversity and habitat of plant species
Over 390,000 species, ranging from terrestrial (embryophytes) to aquatic (hydrophytes) environments.
