The immune system's malfunctions can lead to immunodeficiencies, autoimmunity, and hypersensitivities. Immunodeficiencies weaken the immune response, while autoimmunity causes the body to attack itself. Hypersensitivities involve exaggerated reactions to antigens, and idiopathic inflammation occurs without a clear cause, leading to potential tissue damage.
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Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited disorders that weaken the immune response
Acquired immunodeficiencies are caused by external factors such as viral infections or immunosuppressive therapies
Genetic defects, environmental influences, and acquired conditions can all contribute to immunodeficiencies
Autoimmunity can occur due to failures in central or peripheral tolerance mechanisms
Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and hormonal factors can all contribute to the onset of autoimmune diseases
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus are all examples of autoimmune diseases
Hypersensitivity reactions can be categorized into four types, each with distinct mechanisms and temporal characteristics
Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE antibodies and is responsible for common allergic reactions
Type IV hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated and is implicated in autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and allergic contact dermatitis
Idiopathic inflammation is the production and release of inflammatory mediators without an identifiable cause
Eicosanoids and cytokines are inflammatory mediators that play important roles in the immune response
When dysregulated, inflammatory mediators can contribute to chronic inflammation and disease
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Characteristics of Immunodeficiencies
Weakened immune response; caused by genetic defects, environmental factors, or acquired conditions like AIDS.
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Examples of Primary Immunodeficiencies
Inherited disorders such as SCID and CGD, involving defective immune cells or mechanisms.
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Difference Between Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivities
Autoimmunity: immune system attacks own cells. Hypersensitivities: excessive reactions to harmless antigens.
