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The adaptive immune system is a complex network that protects vertebrates from pathogens through specific recognition and memory. It involves lymphocytes like B and T cells, antigen presentation, and the production of antibodies. The system's ability to remember past invaders provides long-lasting immunity, with clonal selection ensuring a targeted response to antigens.
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The adaptive immune system can specifically recognize and remember foreign antigens
Process of Antigen Presentation
Antigens must be processed and presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells in conjunction with MHC molecules for T cell activation
Importance of Antigen Presentation
Antigen presentation is crucial for T cell activation and the ability to respond to pathogens effectively
The adaptive immune system can create memory cells that provide long-lasting immunity against future encounters with the same pathogen
B cells are responsible for the humoral immune response, producing antibodies against pathogens
Cytotoxic T Cells
Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells by recognizing antigens presented with Class I MHC molecules
Helper T Cells
Helper T cells activate other immune cells by responding to antigens presented with Class II MHC molecules and co-stimulatory signals
Regulatory T Cells
Regulatory T cells maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune reactions
γδ T cells can recognize antigens directly without MHC presentation
When B cells encounter their specific antigen, they can become activated and differentiate into plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete antibodies that can neutralize pathogens or tag them for destruction by other immune cells
The humoral response is essential for defending against extracellular pathogens and providing long-term immunity
Memory cells, derived from activated B and T cells, persist long after an infection has been cleared and can quickly expand upon re-encounter with the same antigen
Passive immunity is provided to newborns through maternal antibodies transferred via the placenta and breast milk, offering temporary protection
Active immunity is developed through an individual's own immune response to a pathogen or vaccination and can provide long-lasting protection
Clonal selection ensures a targeted and potent immune response by selectively expanding B or T cells that recognize a specific antigen
00
The ______ immune system evolved to defend vertebrates against ______.
adaptive
pathogens
01
This system is unique for its ability to ______ and ______ foreign antigens.
specifically recognize
remember
02
Specialized cells in the system perform ______ ______ to differentiate foreign substances from the body's own cells.
antigen
presentation
