The ______ and mucosal surfaces are the body's initial defense in the innate immune system.

Mechanical processes like the flushing action of ______ and ______ help reinforce the body's anatomical barriers.

The stomach's ______ environment and antimicrobial peptides are chemical defenses in the innate immune system.

Normal microbiota in the gut compete with potential pathogens for ______ and ______, providing biological protection.

Inflammation triggers: What initiates the inflammatory response?

Inflammatory response: How do leukocytes react at the injury site?

In the blood, complement proteins are normally ______, but they activate upon encountering ______.

Activation of the complement system results in a series of reactions that ______ phagocytosis and attract ______ cells.

The complement system can form ______ attack complexes to directly destroy ______.

There are multiple pathways to activate the complement system: ______, ______, and ______ pathways.

Primary function of neutrophils

Role of lymphocytes in immune response

Monocytes differentiation and purpose

______ cells release histamine during infections and contribute to ______ reactions.

______ are cells that consume and break down cellular waste and ______.

The most numerous white blood cells that rapidly respond to infections are called ______.

______ cells assist in the immune response by presenting antigens to T cells, bridging ______ and ______ immune systems.

In the body's defense system, each type of cell, such as mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, has ______ roles.

Pathogen surface protein alteration purpose

Pathogen survival in host cells significance

Invertebrates defend themselves using physical barriers, ______ cells, and ______ peptides.

Plants possess a complex ______ immunity system that can detect and respond to ______ attacks.

Studying the innate immune systems across various species helps us understand the ______ of immune defense mechanisms.