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Explore the unique density characteristics of water, its behavior due to hydrogen bonding, and the influence of salinity on oceanic circulation. Understand water's miscibility, compressibility, and its triple point, along with the electrical conductivity that is crucial for aquatic life and technological applications.
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Density is the measure of mass per unit volume of a substance
Negative thermal expansion
Water's density increases upon heating from 0°C to 4°C, then decreases with further temperature increase due to negative thermal expansion
Hydrogen bonding's influence
The unique density properties of water are largely due to the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules
The amount of dissolved salts in seawater affects its density and freezing point, leading to the formation of salt-free ice and driving oceanic circulation patterns
Water is miscible with polar liquids but not with non-polar substances
Dew point and relative humidity
The dew point is the temperature at which water vapor condenses into liquid, and 100% relative humidity prevents evaporation
Supersaturation
Supersaturation of water vapor can lead to adiabatic cooling and condensation, resulting in precipitation
The electrical conductivity of water increases with the dissolution of ions, making it important for aquatic organisms and technological applications
Water's compressibility decreases with increasing pressure, making it useful as an incompressible fluid in scientific calculations
Multiple triple points of water
Water has multiple triple points corresponding to different crystalline forms of ice
Supercooled water and ice polymorphs
Water can remain liquid below 0°C in a supercooled state, and high pressures can lead to the formation of denser ice polymorphs
Water's bulk modulus is approximately 2.2 GPa, making it resistant to changes in volume under pressure