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The Fourteenth Amendment's journey from protecting former slaves' rights to influencing corporate personhood and affirmative action is profound. It has been pivotal in cases like Brown v. Board of Education for racial equality, Reed v. Reed for gender discrimination, and in establishing the 'one person, one vote' principle. This Amendment continues to shape American law and society, addressing various forms of discrimination and ensuring equal protection under the law for all citizens.
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The case of Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad in 1886 played a significant role in the development of the concept of corporate personhood
Chief Justice Morrison Waite's headnote in Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad suggested that corporations were viewed as "persons" for the purposes of the Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
Following the interpretation of corporations as "persons" under the Fourteenth Amendment, corporations frequently invoked the Amendment in court, often more so than African Americans
The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, was designed to protect the rights of former slaves by ensuring equal protection under the law
Cases such as Strauder v. West Virginia and Yick Wo v. Hopkins established the Fourteenth Amendment's role in protecting against racial discrimination
The landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 declared that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and marked a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement
In Plyler v. Doe, the Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to all people within the United States' jurisdiction, including immigrants
In Hernandez v. Texas, the Supreme Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections are not limited to racial discrimination between whites and African Americans, but extend to other racial and ethnic groups
The Equal Protection Clause has been applied to combat discrimination against women, illegitimate children, and other marginalized groups, with varying levels of scrutiny depending on the nature of the discrimination
The Supreme Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment has shaped affirmative action policies, particularly in cases such as Regents of the University of California v. Bakke and Fisher v. University of Texas
The Supreme Court's decisions in Reed v. Reed and Craig v. Boren established the intermediate scrutiny standard for gender discrimination, requiring laws to serve important governmental objectives and be substantially related to achieving those objectives
The Supreme Court has emphasized the need for affirmative action policies to be narrowly tailored and to consider race-neutral alternatives in order to balance the goals of diversity and equal protection under the law
00
The principle of ______ ______ was notably impacted by the ______ ______ ______ v. ______ ______ ______ case in ______.
corporate personhood
Santa Clara County
Southern Pacific Railroad
1886
01
After the case, corporations often used the ______ ______ to defend their rights in court, sometimes more frequently than the ______ ______ it was designed to protect.
Fourteenth Amendment
African Americans
02
14th Amendment Ratification Year
Ratified in 1868, aimed to protect rights of former slaves.
