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Cellular Biology and Function

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Explore the world of cellular biology, from the basic classifications of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to the intricate details of their structures and functions. Understand the roles of various organelles, the process of cellular respiration, and the mechanisms of cell communication and signaling. Dive into the eukaryotic cell cycle, the concept of cell lineage, and the field of cytopathology for disease diagnosis.

Cellular Classifications and Characteristics

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, and they come in two main categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells, which encompass the domains Bacteria and Archaea, lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid. These cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells, with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 μm in diameter. Eukaryotic cells, found in organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane where their genetic material is stored. They are larger, usually between 10 to 100 μm, and contain a variety of specialized organelles that carry out distinct functions. Both types of cells reproduce asexually, with prokaryotes through binary fission and eukaryotes through mitosis. Additionally, prokaryotic cells can be classified based on their cell wall structure into gram-positive or gram-negative, which is determined by a staining technique that reflects the composition and thickness of their cell walls.
Plant cell under microscope with cell wall, dark green oval nucleus, nucleolus, light green cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vesicles and thin membrane.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Organelles

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their compartmentalized structure, which includes a variety of organelles, each with specific functions. The nucleus, containing most of the cell's genetic material, acts as the command center for cellular operations, including growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis. The nucleolus within the nucleus is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; it is divided into rough ER, studded with ribosomes, and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through cellular respiration. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules, and peroxisomes detoxify various substances. Ribosomes, found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, are the sites of protein synthesis. The cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates movement, while the plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Centrioles are involved in organizing microtubules during cell division, and other structures such as chromatin and cilia play roles in gene expression and cell motility, respectively.

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00

All living organisms are composed of basic units called ______, which are categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

cells

01

Prokaryotic ______, including Bacteria and Archaea, do not have a defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

cells

02

Prokaryotic cells reproduce by ______ fission, while eukaryotic cells use ______ for asexual reproduction.

binary

mitosis

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