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Explore the world of cellular biology, from the basic classifications of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to the intricate details of their structures and functions. Understand the roles of various organelles, the process of cellular respiration, and the mechanisms of cell communication and signaling. Dive into the eukaryotic cell cycle, the concept of cell lineage, and the field of cytopathology for disease diagnosis.
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Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and their DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid
Organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain a variety of specialized organelles, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, each with specific functions
Cell Reproduction
Eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually through mitosis and can be classified based on their cell wall structure into gram-positive or gram-negative
Prokaryotic cells can be classified based on their cell wall structure into gram-positive or gram-negative, which is determined by a staining technique that reflects the composition and thickness of their cell walls
The nucleus, containing most of the cell's genetic material, acts as the command center for cellular operations, including growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, divided into rough ER, studded with ribosomes, and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles
Cellular respiration involves a series of chemical reactions, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, to produce ATP for energy
Photosynthesis captures light energy to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, which can then be used in cellular respiration
Cells can communicate directly through cell-to-cell contact or indirectly through chemical signals in endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling
Signaling pathways involve specific receptors, such as ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases, and secondary messengers like cAMP or calcium ions to regulate cellular functions
The binding of a signal to its receptor triggers a cascade of intracellular events, leading to a cellular response such as metabolism, gene expression, or cell division
00
All living organisms are composed of basic units called ______, which are categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
cells
01
Prokaryotic ______, including Bacteria and Archaea, do not have a defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
cells
02
Prokaryotic cells reproduce by ______ fission, while eukaryotic cells use ______ for asexual reproduction.
binary
mitosis
