Exploring the cell cycle reveals its phases—G1, S, G2, M—and the regulatory mechanisms ensuring proper cell division and DNA replication. DNA damage response and checkpoints are vital for genomic integrity, activating repair or apoptosis when needed. Mitochondrial dynamics play a crucial role in cellular functions, adapting to metabolic demands and regulating energy production.
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The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events that leads to cell division and replication
Checkpoints
Checkpoints act as sensors to detect errors and maintain genomic stability
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
Cdks are activated by cyclins at specific points in the cell cycle
Protein kinases and phosphatases
These regulatory molecules modulate the activity of Cdks through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
The cell cycle is divided into four stages: G1, S, G2, and M, each with specific activities and checkpoints
The DNA damage response is a critical defense mechanism that detects and repairs genetic damage
Checkpoints halt cell cycle progression to allow time for DNA repair
These proteins are central to the DNA damage checkpoints, recognizing and initiating repair processes
Cells have evolved various mechanisms, such as base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, to counteract DNA damage
These mechanisms are crucial for maintaining genomic integrity and preventing the accumulation of mutations
Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and morphological changes regulate their function and distribution within the cell
Inner mitochondrial membrane
The inner membrane is responsible for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation
Outer mitochondrial membrane
The outer membrane regulates metabolite exchange and signaling pathways
The dynamic nature of mitochondria allows them to adapt to the cell's metabolic demands and play crucial roles in cellular processes
00
The ______ cycle includes a series of events leading to the division and duplication of a cell.
cell
01
Regulation of the cell cycle is critical for precise ______ and distribution of genetic material.
duplication
02
______ and ______ are types of enzymes that play a role in cell cycle regulation through phosphorylation.
Protein kinases
phosphatases
