Polyploidy is a condition where organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes, affecting their phenotype and evolution. It's crucial in plant diversification and agriculture, leading to traits like larger fruits and improved stress resistance. The text delves into allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy, differentiates polyploidy from aneuploidy, and discusses its occurrence in nature and agricultural benefits.
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Polyploidy is a genetic condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes
Allopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy occurs when an organism inherits chromosome sets from two or more different species, resulting in hybrid sterility
Autopolyploidy
Autopolyploidy occurs when multiple chromosome sets are derived from a single species, resulting in organisms with uneven ploidy levels
Aneuploidy involves the gain or loss of individual chromosomes, while polyploidy refers to the addition of entire sets of chromosomes
Genes are the fundamental units of heredity, composed of DNA sequences that encode for proteins and can have different forms called alleles
Chromosomes are long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins, and homologous pairs carry the same genes and are crucial for proper alignment and separation during cell division
Karyotyping is a diagnostic method for detecting chromosomal abnormalities, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations, which can cause genetic disorders
Polyploidy is more common in plants, with approximately 70% of flowering plants having experienced it, but it also occurs in certain species of fish, amphibians, and invertebrates
Polyploidy can have profound effects on an organism's phenotype and has been a driving force in the evolution and diversification of species
Polyploid crops and ornamental plants are often favored for their enhanced traits, such as increased size and resistance to environmental stresses
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An organism with two sets of chromosomes is called ______, while one with four sets is known as ______.
diploid
tetraploid
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Definition of polyploidy
Polyploidy is the condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism.
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Function of histones in chromosome structure
Histones are proteins around which DNA winds, helping to compact and organize chromosomes within the cell nucleus.
