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Understanding subatomic particles is crucial to grasp the composition and behavior of atoms. Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons, with protons and neutrons forming the nucleus. The strong nuclear force binds these nucleons, while electrons occupy atomic orbitals. Nuclear reactions, such as fusion and fission, release energy and are fundamental to the structure of the universe. Chemical bonding, driven by electron configurations, leads to the formation of molecules and compounds.
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Electrons are negatively charged particles with a very small mass that orbit the nucleus of an atom
Protons are positively charged particles with a much larger mass than electrons that determine the atomic number and chemical properties of an element
Neutrons are neutral particles with a mass similar to protons that contribute to the stability of a nucleus
The nucleus is a compact region at the center of an atom that is much smaller than the atom itself and is made up of protons and neutrons
The strong nuclear force, mediated by gluons, overcomes the electrostatic repulsion between protons to hold the nucleons together
The stability of a nucleus is influenced by the ratio of protons to neutrons, and an imbalance can lead to radioactive decay
Quarks are fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons and are held together by the strong force
There are six types of quarks, but protons and neutrons consist of only two types: up quarks and down quarks
Unlike protons and neutrons, electrons are elementary particles and do not have any smaller components
Electrons are found in regions called atomic orbitals, which are probability distributions where they are likely to be found
Electrons exhibit both particle and wave-like properties and can only occupy discrete energy levels within an atom
Electrons can move between energy levels by emitting or absorbing photons, resulting in an atom's characteristic emission or absorption spectra
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Subatomic particles in atoms
Electrons, protons, neutrons; electrons have negative charge, protons positive, neutrons neutral.
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Relative masses of subatomic particles
Electron ~9.11 x 10^-31 kg, proton ~1.6726 x 10^-27 kg, neutron ~1.6749 x 10^-27 kg.
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Ion formation in atoms
Atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons, resulting in net positive or negative charge.
