Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) play a crucial role in cellular signaling, affecting proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They are activated through a cascade involving phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases and inactivated by MAP kinase phosphatases. This text delves into the MAPKs' functions, their classification into ERKs, JNKs, and p38 MAPKs, and the unique pathways of atypical MAPKs.
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1
The ______ kinase group, which includes MAPKs, is found only in ______ cells and is essential for many cellular functions.
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2
Research on MAPKs started with the discovery of ______ in mammals, and these kinases are known to play a role in ______ stress responses in plants.
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3
ERK activation stimuli
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4
JNK and p38 MAPK activation stimuli
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5
MAPKs role in cellular response
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6
Classical ______ are initially inactive and need a series of phosphorylation to become active.
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7
The ______ group of protein kinases facilitates the phosphorylation that leads to MAPKs' activation.
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8
The activation loop of classical MAPKs contains a ______ motif, essential for kinase domain activation.
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9
In classical MAPKs, both ______ and ______ residues in the TxY motif must be phosphorylated for activation.
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10
MAP kinase kinase kinases, also known as ______, activate MKKs in the signaling cascade.
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11
The signaling cascade from the cell membrane to the nucleus involves precise transmission through a ______ structure.
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12
Characteristic phosphorylation of atypical MAPKs
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13
ERK3 and ERK4 activation
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14
Signaling architecture of atypical MAPKs
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15
The inactivation of ______ is as crucial as their activation for precise cellular signaling control.
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16
MKPs can remove phosphate groups from both ______ and ______ residues, ending MAPK activity.
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17
Certain ______-specific phosphatases also contribute to the inactivation of MAPKs, ensuring tight regulation of cellular signaling.
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