Gene expression in prokaryotic cells involves the conversion of genetic information into functional proteins. This process includes transcription, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA, and translation, where mRNA directs protein synthesis. Prokaryotic gene expression is unique due to the absence of a nuclear envelope, allowing for the coupling of transcription and translation. Regulatory factors like sigma factors and transcription factors play crucial roles in adapting gene expression to environmental changes.
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Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into mRNA in prokaryotic cells
Translation is the process by which mRNA is used to assemble amino acids into a protein in prokaryotic cells
In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously due to the absence of a nuclear envelope
Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to a specific DNA sequence known as the promoter in prokaryotic cells
During the elongation phase, RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing RNA chain in the 5' to 3' direction in prokaryotic cells
Transcription can be terminated through a rho-independent or rho-dependent mechanism in prokaryotic cells
Translation begins with the assembly of the ribosome on the mRNA transcript in prokaryotic cells
tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain in prokaryotic cells
Translation ends when a stop codon is encountered, and the newly synthesized protein is released in prokaryotic cells
Transcription factors, such as sigma factors and other DNA-binding proteins, regulate gene expression in prokaryotic cells
Sigma factors guide RNA polymerase to specific promoter sequences in prokaryotic cells
Other regulatory proteins can act as repressors or activators, binding to operator sequences or other regulatory regions in the DNA to modulate transcription efficiency in prokaryotic cells
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In prokaryotic cells, which don't have a ______-bound nucleus, gene expression involves using gene information to create a ______.
membrane
functional gene product
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
Prokaryotes have one RNA polymerase for all RNA types; eukaryotes have multiple, specialized RNA polymerases.
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Role of sigma factors in prokaryotic transcription
Sigma factors assist RNA polymerase in promoter recognition, essential for transcription initiation.
