Cell communication is a fundamental biological process that allows cells to respond to their environment through signaling pathways. These pathways involve ligands, receptors, and a series of intracellular events leading to specific responses such as gene expression changes and metabolic alterations. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing diseases like cancer and autoimmune disorders.
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1
______ is vital for cells to sense and react appropriately to their surroundings.
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2
The survival and growth of all cells, from ______ to complex multicellular entities, depend on a sophisticated signaling system.
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3
Define autocrine signaling.
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4
Characterize juxtacrine signaling.
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5
Describe endocrine signaling and its distribution method.
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6
______ are essential for cell communication and are sorted by their ______ and ______.
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7
Membrane receptors are divided into three types: ion channel-linked receptors, --______ receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
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8
Ion channel-linked receptors regulate the ______ of ions across the cell membrane upon ______ attachment.
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9
GPCRs trigger ______-proteins inside the cell, influencing different ______ ______.
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10
Enzyme-linked receptors have an extracellular domain for ligand binding and an intracellular part with ______ ______ that often functions as kinases.
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11
Intracellular receptors, like those for ______ hormones, bind to ______ ligands and can alter gene expression by directly interacting with ______.
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steroid lipophilic DNA
12
Key components in signal transduction cascade
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Involves enzymes activation, second messengers generation, protein modification.
13
Role of second messengers in signal amplification
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14
Consequences of signal transduction on cellular functions
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15
Bacteria use ______ ______ to sense population density and control group behaviors like biofilm formation.
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16
In ______, signaling molecules may be released into the space outside cells or passed through direct interactions between cells.
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17
The nervous system utilizes ______ signaling, allowing neurons to quickly communicate with other neurons or target cells.
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18
This precise and dynamic communication is vital for directing developmental processes, ______ responses, and sustaining physiological equilibrium.
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19
Importance of cell signaling in body regulation
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20
Consequence of understanding cell signaling pathways
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21
Research benefits in cell signaling
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