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DNA replication is a vital process for genetic material duplication before cell division, involving initiation, elongation, and termination phases. It starts at specific origins with the help of proteins like DnaA in prokaryotes and the ORC in eukaryotes. The pre-replication complex formation is crucial for the accurate and regulated commencement of replication. DNA polymerases, helicases, and other enzymes work together at the replication fork to synthesize new DNA strands, while telomerase resolves the end-replication problem in eukaryotes.
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Specific proteins recognize and bind to origins of replication, which are particular sequences in the DNA where replication begins
The initiator protein DnaA in prokaryotes and the origin recognition complex (ORC) in eukaryotes facilitate the unwinding of the DNA double helix at the origins of replication
The pre-replication complex, composed of proteins such as ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1, is assembled during the late mitosis and early G1 phase of the cell cycle to prepare the DNA for replication
The preinitiation complex activates the Mcm helicase and recruits DNA polymerases to the replication origins, leading to the synthesis of RNA primers and the elongation of new DNA strands
DNA polymerases catalyze the addition of nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction, with different polymerases responsible for the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands
The replication fork is a dynamic structure where DNA helicases, single-strand binding proteins, and topoisomerases work together to unwind, stabilize, and alleviate stress on the DNA during replication
The replisome is a complex assembly of proteins, including helicases, polymerases, and clamp loaders, that collaborate at the replication fork to ensure accurate and efficient DNA replication
The components of the replisome are dynamically regulated and coordinate the replication process at multiple origins along the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
DNA replication concludes when replication forks converge, and proper regulation of termination is essential for maintaining genomic stability and ensuring accurate cell division
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Role of AT-rich regions in DNA replication initiation
AT-rich regions have fewer hydrogen bonds, making DNA strands easier to separate for replication initiation.
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Function of initiator proteins in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
In prokaryotes, DnaA binds to the origin; in eukaryotes, ORC binds to start DNA replication.
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Purpose of the pre-replication complex
Ensures DNA replication starts accurately and occurs only once per cell cycle, preventing DNA over-replication.
