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The First Law of Thermodynamics, a cornerstone of energy conservation, asserts that energy within an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed. It explores energy transformations, the significance of internal energy, and the law's applicability to both reversible and irreversible processes. Carathéodory's formulation, empirical evidence from Joule's experiments, and the mathematical expression of the law are discussed, highlighting the universality of this fundamental principle.
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The First Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
Definition of internal energy
Internal energy is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of particles within a system
Role of internal energy in the First Law
Internal energy is a key term in the First Law, representing the total energy of an isolated system
Carathéodory's formulation focuses on adiabatic processes and has been criticized for incorporating elements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Joule's experiments demonstrated the interconvertibility of work and heat, providing empirical support for the First Law
The First Law's assertion of energy conservation is confirmed by the fact that energy transferred as work or heat alters the internal energy of a system
Some formulations of the First Law highlight the roles of internal energy and work in energy transformations
Other interpretations define heat as the change in internal energy not accounted for by work in non-adiabatic processes
Adiabatic processes involve the transfer of energy solely as work, with no heat exchange
Adynamic processes involve the transfer of energy exclusively as heat, without any work being performed
Both adiabatic and adynamic processes demonstrate the concept of internal energy as a state function, independent of the path taken
Reversible processes are idealized scenarios without friction or other dissipative effects
Irreversible processes are more common in practical situations and involve less direct calculations
The First Law remains valid in both reversible and irreversible processes, ensuring that the change in internal energy depends only on the system's initial and final states
00
The ______ Law of Thermodynamics is also known as the principle of ______ conservation.
First
energy
01
The total energy of an isolated system remains ______, as per this fundamental thermodynamic concept.
constant
02
In thermodynamics, the symbol 'U' stands for ______ energy, which is the total of all kinetic and potential energies.
internal
