The First Law of Thermodynamics, a cornerstone of energy conservation, states that energy within a closed system is constant, merely changing forms. This law introduces internal energy and refutes perpetual motion machines. It's mathematically expressed as ∆U = Q - W, where ∆U is the change in internal energy, Q is heat added, and W is work done. Historical figures like Joule and Clausius contributed to its development, which has practical applications in understanding energy transfer in thermodynamic processes.
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1
The ______ law of thermodynamics is also known as the principle of ______ conservation.
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2
The first law of thermodynamics is crucial for comprehending ______ transfer, especially via heat and ______.
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3
Internal energy is a property indicating the total energy within a ______.
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4
For an isolated system, the internal energy remains ______, making a perpetual motion machine of the first kind ______.
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5
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is unfeasible because it would need constant output without any ______ ______.
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6
First Law of Thermodynamics: Sign Conventions
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7
Work Done in Quasistatic Process
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8
Change in Internal Energy (∆U)
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9
The ______ of the first law of thermodynamics was shaped by various notable scientists.
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10
______ underscored the importance of kinetic energy in the early understanding of thermodynamics.
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11
Sadi Carnot recognized the ______ between heat and work in thermodynamic systems.
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convertibility
12
The mechanical equivalent of heat was measured through experiments by ______.
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James Prescott Joule
13
In 1850, ______ and ______ formulated the initial comprehensive versions of the first law of thermodynamics.
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Rudolf Clausius William Rankine
14
The first law of thermodynamics includes principles of energy ______ and the significance of ______ energy.
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15
Thermodynamic vs Mechanical Approach - Basis
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16
20th Century Influence on Thermodynamics
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17
Heat in Mechanical Approach
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18
The refined statement of the first law suggests that the change in internal energy is the same as in a ______ adiabatic work process between the system's initial and final states.
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19
This modern interpretation emphasizes energy ______ and distinguishes heat as a unique form of energy ______ from work.
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20
First Law of Thermodynamics in Cyclic Processes
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21
Energy Transfer Differentiation in Closed Systems
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22
Internal Energy as a State Function
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