The Development of Atomic Theory

Discovery of molecular internal architecture

The phenomenon where molecules with the same ______ have different characteristics is known as ______.

______'s experiments with silver fulminate and silver cyanate, which shared the same composition but exhibited different properties, contributed to the acknowledgment of ______ by Berzelius.

The idea that isomers are composed of the same atoms but in different arrangements was an early concept leading to ______, proposed by ______.

______ introduced the ______ carbon bonding model, which helped explain the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and the existence of various isomers.

The ______ carbon bonding model was key in understanding why a compound like pentane could exist in ______ distinct forms.

Mendeleev's prediction of elements

Periodic table's support for valency

Periodic table and chemical reactivity

______ motion is the random movement of particles like ______ grains in a liquid, first noted by the botanist ______ ______.

In 1905, ______ ______ provided a theoretical explanation for this motion, suggesting it was due to impacts with ______ molecules.

______ ______'s experimental validation of Einstein's hypothesis offered quantitative support for the ______ ______ of gases.

The kinetic theory, which explains gas properties through molecule movement, dates back to ______ ______ in ______.

Founders of statistical mechanics

Josiah Willard Gibbs's role in statistical mechanics

Impact of statistical mechanics on understanding matter

In ______, J. J. Thomson's work with cathode rays resulted in the discovery of ______, initially termed 'corpuscles'.

Rutherford's key experiment name