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The Nature of the Atomic Nucleus

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The atomic nucleus is the central core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons—collectively known as nucleons—bound by the strong nuclear force. Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, the nucleus determines an element's identity and isotopes. Nuclear physics studies the nucleus's size, composition, and the interactions that influence its stability. Theoretical models like the liquid drop, shell, and cluster models help explain its structure and properties.

The Nature of the Atomic Nucleus

The atomic nucleus, a fundamental concept in nuclear physics, is the dense core within an atom where nearly all its mass is concentrated. Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, the nucleus is composed of two types of subatomic particles: protons, which carry a positive charge, and neutrons, which are electrically neutral. These particles, known as nucleons, are held together by the strong nuclear force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical element, while the presence of neutrons contributes to the atomic mass and allows for the existence of isotopes. The electrons, which are negatively charged and have a much smaller mass, orbit the nucleus and define the atom's size.
Shiny metallic sphere representing an atomic nucleus surrounded by small spheres connected by transparent filaments on a gradient blue background.

Dimensions and Composition of Atomic Nuclei

Atomic nuclei come in various sizes, typically measured in femtometers (1 femtometer = 10^-15 meters). The simplest nucleus, that of hydrogen, is a single proton about 1.70 fm in diameter. In contrast, a heavy nucleus like that of uranium measures approximately 15 fm across. Despite these size differences, the nucleus is minuscule compared to the atom as a whole, which is mostly empty space occupied by electron clouds. Nuclear physics is the branch of physics that studies these nuclei, their constituents, and the interactions that govern their stability and reactions.

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00

Definition of nucleons

Nucleons are protons and neutrons, the subatomic particles in the nucleus.

01

Role of strong nuclear force

Strong nuclear force binds nucleons together, overcoming electrostatic repulsion.

02

Impact of neutrons on atomic properties

Neutrons contribute to atomic mass and create isotopes, differing in neutron count.

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